Foam EOR as an Optimization Technique for Gas EOR: A Comprehensive Review of Laboratory and Field Implementations

Adjoint-Based Optimization of a Foam EOR Process

For the nonlinear foam model, extremely small time steps were required in the forward integration to converge to an accurate solution to the semi-discrete (discretized in space, continuous in time) problem. The semi-discrete solution still had strong oscillations in gridblock properties associated with the steep front moving through the reservoir. In addition, an extraordinarily tight tolerance...

Challenges in Adjoint-Based Optimization of a Foam EOR Process

We apply adjoint-based optimization to a Surfactant-Alternating-Gas foam process using a linear foam model introducing gradual changes in gas mobility and a nonlinear foam model giving abrupt changes in gas mobility as function of oil and water saturations and surfactant concentration. For the linear foam model, the objective function is a relatively smooth function of the switching time. For t...

Emulsion Formation for EOR Applications

In this study, the oil recovery potential of Smart Water in the Danish sector of the North Sea chalk reservoirs was investigated. A series of flooding experiments were conducted at reservoir conditions, and a spontaneous imbibition test was carried out at reservoir temperature. Reservoir cores were used along with crude oil samples from the North Sea and representative synthetic formation water...

eor-1 and eor-2 are required for cell-specific apoptotic death in C. elegans.

Programmed cell death occurs in every multicellular organism and in diverse cell types yet the genetic controls that define which cells will live and which will die remain poorly understood. During development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the coordinated activity of four gene products, EGL-1, CED-9, CED-4 and CED-3, results in the death of essentially all cells fated to die. To ident...

Recent Advances in Surfactant EOR